A Protocol for the Determination of Free Thiols 

Disclaimer:  "YMMV"  (Your Mileage May Vary)

Contributors

David Van Horn, Dept. of Chemistry, and Greg Bulaj, Dept. of Biology, University of Utah

Title

Quantitative Determination of Sulfhydryl (-SH) Groups in Peptides and Proteins.

Overview

This is the standard "Ellman's Test" for the determination of free thiols. (Ref. 1) It works well for small peptides and proteins synthesized using standard solid phase synthetic methods. Peptides from these syntheses are usually in their reduced form, and are usually stable to oxidation in acidic solutions. Free thiol can be determined in solutions collected from chromatographic separations or from reconstituted lyophilized samples. This protocol has been used for peptides (3 to 26mer) with a single Cys residue present and lacking tryptophan. (Ref. 2, 3) The technique should be feasible for multiple Cys residues (Hint 5).

Procedure

1) Turn on UV-Vis spectrophotometer and setup, in your notebook, the Table described below.

2) In an appropriate cuvette (see Hint 1), add 50 mL of the DTNB solution, 100 mL Tris solution, and water up to (1000 mL - sample mL).

Volume example: 50 DTNB 100 Tris 840 Water 990 mL initial volume (take blank) +10 Sample (added via syringe!) 1000 mL final volume (take reading at 412 nm)

3) Mix solution carefully using pipette. Place cuvette into UV-Vis spectrophotometer and take a background scan using the solution as background.

4) Introduce sample solution into cuvette with a syringe (Hint 2), keeping the cuvette in the instrument (Hint 3).

5) Carefully mix solution with a pipettemen without disturbing the cuvette.

6) Scan sample and record Absorbance at 412 nm. (Hint 4)

7) Calculate absorbance for each sample and then average the results, divide this by 13600 M-1 cm-1 (the extinction coefficient of the reagent) to get the molarity of the solution. (Hint 5)

Sample Table and Calculation (Volumes in mL):

Equation: Abs(sample) = (Tot. Vol./sample vol.) x (Abs 412)

Sample Calculation: Ave. = 50.2/13600 = 3.7 mM thiol

Solutions

DTNB solution = 50 mM sodium acetate (NaOAc) 2 mM DTNB in H2O (refrigerate)

TRIS solution = 1 M Tris / pH 8.0

Biochemicals

DTNB = Ellman's reagent = 5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

Protocol Hints

1) 1 mL disposable plastic cuvettes work well. (However, see Hint 3)

2) Keep samples frozen until use and on ice. Since this is supposed to be quantitative, we recommend using a syringe, not a pipette, for the sample solution, especially for small volumes and dilute solutions.

3) When using plastic cuvettes, our experience has been that removal and reintroduction into the instrument of the same or different cuvette leads to anomalous readings/data. Thus, careful technique is used to introduce the sample and mix it in the sample holder of the instrument. Quartz cuvettes have no such problem with this. (But you have to clean them up each use.)

4) If you set up the cuvettes and sample on ice near the UV-Vis, you can minimize the time the determinations take. Also, you won't be accused of monopolizing the instrument.

5) The calculation is for total free thiol. Presumably you know beforehand the total number of thiols are in your peptide. Divide the determined concentration by the number of thiols, and this is the peptide concentration. (See Hint 6)

6) If your peptide contains more than 4 cysteine residues, you may want to recalculate the excess of DTNB and use a greater amount (e.g. 75 or 100 mL of solution)

References

1) Ellman, G. L. (1959) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82, 70-77. (Original determination)

2) Bulaj, G.; Kortemme, T.; Goldenberg, D. P. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8965-8972. (Recent usage)

3) Van Horn, J. D.; Bulaj, G.; Goldenberg, D. P.; Burrows, C. J.  “The Cys-Xaa-His Metal-Binding Motif. {N} versus {S} Coordination and Nickel Mediated Formation of Cysteinyl Sulfinic Acid.” (2003) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 8, 601-610.